Evidence mapPaperPMID 42082243Full record

ArticleBMJ open2026

Prevalence of diabetes and associated risk factors in Ga Mashie, Accra, Ghana: a cross-sectional CARE Diabetes community-based survey.

Carlos Salvador Grijalva-Eternod, Kojo Mensah Sedzro, Kafui Adjaye-Gbewonyo, Sandra Boatemaa Kushitor, Swaib Abubaker Lule, Mawuli Komla Kushitor, Akanksha Abhay Marphatia, Ethan Gray, Samuel Amon, Olutobi Adekunle Sanuade and 6 more

Abstract read
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Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Carlos Salvador Grijalva-EternodInstitute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK c.eternod@ucl.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2461-9954
Kojo Mensah SedzroNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Kafui Adjaye-GbewonyoInstitute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8919-6518
Sandra Boatemaa KushitorDepartment of Community Health, Ensign Global College, Kpong, Ghana.
Swaib Abubaker LuleInstitute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
Mawuli Komla KushitorDepartment of Health Policy, Planning and Management, Fred N Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
Akanksha Abhay MarphatiaInstitute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4277-435X
Ethan GrayInstitute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
Samuel AmonNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3937-175X
Olutobi Adekunle SanuadeDepartment of Population Health Sciences, Division of Health System Innovation and Research, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4972-1098
Raphael Baffour AwuahRegional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Leonard BaatiemaDepartment of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3286-6565
Irene Akwo KretchyDepartment of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6811-5937
Daniel ArhinfulNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5496-3289
Kwadwo Ansah KoramNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Edward FottrellInstitute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of diabetes and associated risk factors and to deepen understanding of the diabetes burden in Ga Mashie, an urban-poor area in Accra, Ghana.

designCross-sectional epidemiological cluster survey. SETTING AND

participantsWe surveyed adults aged over 25 years in 80 enumeration areas within Ga Mashie, targeting 959 randomly selected households based on the 2021 census. OUTCOME MEASURES: Household-level data included household membership and structure, water and sanitation, cooking infrastructure and asset ownership. Individual-level data encompassed demographics, lifestyle behaviours and biometric measurements. Diabetes was identified through random blood glucose levels ≥11.1 mmol/L or a prior diagnosis, with obesity defined as a body mass index >30 kg/m

resultsThe survey, achieving a 67% response rate, covered 854 individuals from 644 households. It unveiled a notable prevalence of risk factors known to be associated with diabetes: 47.2% for alcohol consumption (95% CI 43.7% to 50.8%), 50.7% for insufficient physical activity (95% CI 46.0% to 55.3%), 28.9% for unhealthy snack consumption (95% CI 24.5% to 33.7%), 35.1% for obesity (95% CI 31.3% to 39.1%) and 74.5% for central obesity (95% CI 70.8% to 77.9%). Diabetes affected 8.2% of the population aged ≥25 (95% CI 6.4% to 10.5%), with disparities evident across age, wealth and sex (2.66 greater odds in females for diabetes (95% CI 1.38 to 5.12)).

conclusionDiabetes and its risk factors are highly prevalent in Ga Mashie, with significant demographic disparities underscoring the need for targeted interventions. The study highlights the critical challenge diabetes poses in urban-poor contexts, emphasising the necessity for tailored health initiatives to mitigate this burden.

Indexed as

Diabetes MellitusAdultAgedBody Mass IndexCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleGhanaHumansMaleMiddle AgedObesityObesity, AbdominalPrevalenceRisk FactorsDIABETES & ENDOCRINOLOGYHealth SurveysObesityPrevalenceRisk Factors

Identifiers

PMID42082243
PMCPMC13140948

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.