ArticleJournal of cancer survivorship : research and practice2026
Long-term cognitive function after treatment with immune checkpoint inhibition for melanoma.
Article in Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals a T Cell-Mediated Microglial Activation Axis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition-Related Adverse Events in the Brain.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe cross-sectional AILEEN study evaluated long-term cognitive function after immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) for melanoma and compared outcomes between neoadjuvant combination therapy (ipilimumab/nivolumab) versus adjuvant monotherapy (nivolumab or pembrolizumab).
methodsPatients with stage III/IV melanoma were invited approximately two years after ICI initiation. Patients completed the online Amsterdam Cognition Scan and questionnaires on self-reported cognitive problems, fatigue, anxiety, and depression. Scores were evaluated at group- and individual-level against cancer-free norm groups and well-established cutoffs. Prevalences of cognitive impairment were compared to estimated false-positive rates accounting for the number and correlation of tests.
resultsPatients treated with ICI (N = 107) showed significantly worse verbal memory, processing speed, and executive functioning and reported clinically meaningful lower cognitive function at group-level compared to normative data. At individual-level, 34% were classified as cognitively impaired (exceeding the false-positive rate of 20.6%), and 36% reported clinically relevant cognitive problems. Patients who received neoadjuvant combination therapy (N = 29) showed significantly worse group-level executive functioning and processing speed, whereas those who received adjuvant monotherapy (N = 43) performed comparable to normative data. At individual-level, cognitive impairment was more prevalent (38% vs. 21%), however, rates of self-reported cognitive problems (24% vs. 38%), fatigue (10% vs. 23%), and anxiety (0% vs. 11%) were lower in patients treated with neoadjuvant combination versus those treated with adjuvant monotherapy.
conclusionsLong-term cognitive and psychosocial problems are prevalent in ICI-treated patients with melanoma. Neoadjuvant combination therapy was associated with greater objective cognitive impairment yet fewer self-reported problems than adjuvant monotherapy. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: While these hypothesis-generating findings warrant prospective validation, alertness for cognitive problems is important.
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Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.