ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Humoral and cytokine responses to a heterologous goatpox vaccine in Mithun (
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD), caused by a Capripoxvirus, has caused severe outbreaks among cattle in India. The disease status and vaccine response of Mithun ( Methods: We conducted a 12-month longitudinal field study in Nagaland to assess the safety and vaccine-induced immune response of a heterologous goatpox vaccine in seronegative Mithun. Humoral responses were monitored by indirect ELISA and virus neutralization test (VNT), whereas selected systemic cytokine markers (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10) were evaluated using serum IFN-γ ELISA and PBMC mRNA transcriptional profiling. Results: Spatial mapping supported continued LSDV activity in Mithun populations. The vaccine was safe, with no adverse clinical reactions or detectable viral shedding in sequential nasal swabs. Seroconversion and cytokine upregulation were evident after vaccination, with antibody responses and cytokine expression peaking at 30 days post-vaccination. Discussions: These findings provide field-based evidence of vaccine-induced humoral and cytokine responses to the heterologous goatpox vaccine in Mithun and generate baseline information for future evaluation of LSD control strategies in this species. Antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was not assessed in this study, as stimulated PBMC recall assays were beyond the scope of the present field study, and should be evaluated in future investigations.
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