Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42094822›Full record

ReviewOncology letters2026

Advances in cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of leptomeningeal metastases (Review).

Huaixu Li, Wenwen Fan, Fengchun Mu, Cheng Fang, Ting Xiao, Jinghai Wan, Hongqing Cai

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Oncology letters, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Huaixu LiDepartment of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China.
Wenwen FanDepartment of Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China.
Fengchun MuDepartment of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China.
Cheng FangDepartment of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China.
Ting XiaoState Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China.
Jinghai WanDepartment of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China.
Hongqing CaiDepartment of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is an aggressive complication characterized by the dissemination of malignant cells to the leptomeninges, typically resulting in rapid neurological deterioration and poor prognosis. Clinical diagnosis and management are impeded by non-specific symptoms and the limited sensitivity of conventional cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology. Consequently, CSF biomarkers have emerged as critical tools for diagnosis, treatment monitoring and prognostic evaluation. The present review summarizes recent advancements in CSF biomarkers, categorizing them into proteins, nucleic acids and metabolites. These biomarkers enhance diagnostic accuracy, facilitate longitudinal disease tracking and assess therapeutic efficacy. Despite notable progress, challenges persist regarding biomarker sensitivity, specificity and standardization. Furthermore, the potential of multi-omics technologies and single-cell analysis is discussed as a pathway for discovering novel biomarkers to enable the precise stratification and personalized management of LM.

Indexed as

biomarkerscerebrospinal fluiddiagnosisleptomeningeal metastasistherapeutic monitoring

Identifiers

PMID42094822
PMCPMC13139829

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.