ArticleAnnals of biomedical engineering2026
Exploratory Characterization of Adaptive Eye Strategies to High-Acceleration Loading in the Great Spotted Woodpecker.
Jiazheng Li, Qiao Li, Xue Zhou, Ahmed Elsheikh, Ying Wang, Jing Zhang, Lizhen Wang, Yubo Fan
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In one paragraphArticle in Annals of biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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8 authors.
Jiazheng LiKey Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Medical Engineering & Engineering Medicine Innovation Center, Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
Qiao LiKey Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Medical Engineering & Engineering Medicine Innovation Center, Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China. qiaoli@buaa.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3732-0185 Xue ZhouKey Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Medical Engineering & Engineering Medicine Innovation Center, Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
Ahmed ElsheikhSchool of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK.
Ying WangKey Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Medical Engineering & Engineering Medicine Innovation Center, Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China. ywang527@buaa.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8328-7569 Jing ZhangKey Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Medical Engineering & Engineering Medicine Innovation Center, Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China. jz2716@buaa.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8549-3286 Lizhen WangKey Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Medical Engineering & Engineering Medicine Innovation Center, Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China. lizhenwang@buaa.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9658-659X Yubo FanKey Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Medical Engineering & Engineering Medicine Innovation Center, Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China. yubofan@buaa.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-4395 Funding
Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation No. Z240017National Key Research and Development Program of China No.2023YFC2410404National Natural Science Foundation of China No. U2241273the 111 project, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities B13003
6 · The paper itselfAbstract
purposeWoodpeckers often withstand extreme high acceleration during the pecking process, but show no signs of eye injuries. This study seeks to explore what biomechanical adaptations woodpeckers adopt to protect their eyes under such high impact.
methodsThe morphometric parameter of eyes in the Great Spotted Woodpecker and its control, Eurasian Hoopoe, were observed based on frozen sectioning and Nissl staining. A series of protein expression including β-APP, p-Tau, p-CRMP2, HSP70, and mTOR of the birds' eyes were also obtained using immunofluorescence staining.
resultsThe Great Spotted Woodpecker exhibits a denser, ossified sclera and a more complex pecten. β-APP was primarily localized in the outer nuclear layer while p-CRMP2 was predominantly expressed in the GCL, and HSP70 were co-localized with p-Tau in these birds' eyes. Meanwhile, mTOR exhibited distinct expression patterns corresponding to different phases of injury.
conclusionTwo layers of adaptations were found in eyes of woodpeckers. Structurally, ossified sclera and complex pecten contribute to resistance against pecking-induced eye injuries. Molecularly, abnormal aggregation of β-APP and p-Tau in optic nerve cells were prevented by regulating expression of CRMP2, HSP70, and mTOR, thereby reducing damage in the eyes. These results provide a theoretical foundation for the identification, prevention, and mitigation of acceleration-induced eye injuries.
Indexed as
Anti-injuryEurasian hoopoeEyeGreat spotted woodpeckerOptic nerveRetina
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