ArticleFrontiers in human neuroscience2026
Vagus nerve stimulation: anti-inflammatory effects in epilepsy.
Article in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Cholinergic regulation of neuroinflammation: linking microglia, immunometabolism, and neuromodulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) is an established standard of care for drug-resistant epilepsy; however, the biological mechanisms underlying its cumulative therapeutic effect remain incompletely understood. This study aims to evaluate the monitoring value of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration biomarkers to objectify the therapeutic response. Methods: In this prospective longitudinal study, we evaluated 40 pediatric patients (20 receiving active VNS therapy and 20 age-matched controls). Plasma levels of UCHL-1, HMGB1, and NSE were investigated as potential indicators of blood-brain barrier status, neuroinflammation, and metabolic stress, respectively. Measurements were performed at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment. Clinical efficacy was defined by the reduction in seizure frequency. Results: The primary focus of the analysis was on the active VNS therapy group, where median seizure frequency decreased by 44.4% ( Conclusion: VNS efficacy appears to be associated with a complex, multi-phasic biological response. The temporal dynamics of peripheral biomarkers may reflect a potential early stabilization of the blood-brain barrier, followed by delayed systemic immunomodulation. While blood-based analysis precludes direct conclusions regarding central neuroinflammation, the delayed reduction of circulating inflammatory signals points to a systemic anti-inflammatory effect that likely contributes to the cumulative therapeutic benefits. Thus, dynamic assessment of these accessible neuroimmune proteins provides an objective systemic correlate of clinical improvement. This biomarker panel may serve as a valuable supportive tool for monitoring VNS therapeutic response and guiding personalized neuromodulation parameters.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.