ReviewMolecular biomedicine2026
Extracellular cGAMP in health and disease.
Review in Molecular biomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The cGAS-STING signaling pathway is a crucial component of the innate immune system that detects aberrant cytosolic DNA, such as that derived from viruses or damaged cells, to activate downstream immune responses. Within this pathway, cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) serves as the essential second messenger linking DNA sensing to immune activation. Upon recognition of cytosolic DNA, cGAS synthesizes cGAMP, whose unique "mixed linkage" structure enables efficient binding to and activation of the STING protein on the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby inducing type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines. This review details cGAMP's biosynthesis, structural characteristics, and transport mechanisms, including efflux via ABCC1 and uptake by SLC19A1, underscoring its role as an intercellular "immune messenger." It also explores the dual functions of cGAMP in antiviral and antitumor immunity as well as in autoimmune and aging-related diseases, where it can either enhance immune defense or promote chronic inflammation. Therapeutically, cGAMP has been investigated as a vaccine adjuvant, a target for synthesis or degradation enzymes, and in nanoparticle-based delivery systems. However, challenges regarding its stability, delivery efficiency, and immunotoxicity remain, and future research should focus on real-time monitoring and tissue-specific modulation to advance cGAMP-based precision immunotherapeutics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.