Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42112358›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026

Circular mRNA against CleanCap linear mRNA vectors: comprehensive comparison, expression, active and passive immunization.

Vladimir M Vakhtinskii, Irina L Tutykhina, Alina S Dzharullaeva, Daria M Grousova, Ilya D Zorkov, Anna A Ilyukhina, Dmitrii A Reshetnikov, Valentin V Azizyan, Artem A Derkaev, Evgeniia N Bykonia and 8 more

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Vladimir M VakhtinskiiFederal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Irina L TutykhinaFederal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Alina S DzharullaevaFederal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Daria M Grousova *Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Ilya D Zorkov *Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Anna A Ilyukhina *Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Dmitrii A Reshetnikov *Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Valentin V Azizyan *Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Artem A Derkaev *Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Evgeniia N Bykonia *Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Evgeny V Usachev *Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Denis A Kleymenov *Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Vladimir A GushchinFederal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Inna V ShuliakovaFederal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Dmitry V ShcheblyakovFederal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Maxim M ShmarovFederal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Denis Yu LogunovFederal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
Alexander L GintsburgFederal State Budget Institution "National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya", The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: The mRNA platform has revolutionised vaccine technology by offering a universal, rapid, and easily scalable production process. Two main types of mRNA vectors exist-linear (cap‑dependent) and circular (cap‑independent)-each with distinct advantages. Although both vector types are continuously being improved, a comprehensive comparative analysis of the most efficient existing vectors of each type has been lacking. Methods: We compared the expression efficiency, protective activity, and therapeutic activity of circular and linear mRNA vectors. Linear vectors were tested in different configurations: containing either N1‑methylpseudouridine or uridine, and capped with either ARCA (m Results: Preliminary luciferase assays showed that modified linear vectors achieved significantly higher expression levels both Discussion: Despite the markedly higher expression levels observed with modified linear vectors both in vitro and in vivo we didn`t observe the superiority in immunogenicity or protection in active immunization experiment. At the same time for passive immunization, requiring high expression levels of target protein linear vectors seems to be better choice.

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesGenetic VectorsRNA, MessengerSARS-CoV-2AnimalsAntibodies, ViralFemaleHumansImmunization, PassiveMiceVaccinationAntibodies, ViralCOVID-19 VaccinesRNA, MessengerARCAcircular mRNAcircular mRNA-vaccineCleanCapCVB3 IRESHRVB6 IRESSARS-CoV2 vaccineuniversal vector platform

Identifiers

PMID42112358
PMCPMC13153118

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.