ArticleMicrobiologyOpen2026
When First-Line Therapies Fail: Surgical Site Infections and the Declining Antimicrobial Utility in a Resource-Limited Nation.
Article in MicrobiologyOpen, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Preparing the Frontline: Profiling Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice Gaps in Healthcare-Associated Infection Prevention Among Future Health Professionals in Belize.Interdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance in Diabetic Foot Infections in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (1980-2025).International journal of microbiology · 2026Review
- Treatment gaps and risk factors for multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales in Belize: a 6-year (2018-2023) nationwide retrospective analysis.Therapeutic advances in infectious diseaseArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical threat to surgical care in resource-limited settings. This study describes the epidemiology of AMR in surgical site and wound infections in Belize from 2018 to 2024.
methodsA retrospective analysis of national laboratory data focused on Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus from surgical and wound specimens. Resistance phenotypes (ESBL, MRSA), susceptibility profiles, and temporal-spatial trends were analyzed.
resultsAmong 850 isolates, ESBL production among Enterobacteriaceae more than doubled from 25% to > 45% over 7 years, while MRSA remained persistently elevated (55%-65%). Critical treatment gaps emerged: over one-third of ESBL isolates showed resistance to both oral (ciprofloxacin) and intravenous (gentamicin) options. ESBL infections clustered in central Belize and following cesarean sections; MRSA predominated in diabetic amputations. Antibiotic consumption preceded resistance by approximately 6 months. Sentinel carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus were detected.
conclusionAMR is prevalent in Belize, with rapidly expanding ESBL rates and significant therapeutic limitations. Urgent interventions are needed, including updated treatment guidelines, targeted antimicrobial stewardship, and enhanced infection control in high-burden areas.
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Registered trials
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