ArticleJournal of translational medicine2026
Paraxanthine and azilsartan attenuate gentamicin-induced renal fibrosis via modulation of TGF-β1/Smad3/7 signaling and miRNA-21/miRNA-200b expression.
Article in Journal of translational medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRenal fibrosis is a key contributor to chronic kidney disease progression. The TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway, particularly Smad2 and Smad3 mediate pro-fibrotic responses, while Smad7 exerts inhibitory effects.
aimThe study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of paraxanthine (Para), an active caffeine metabolite, and azilsartan (Azil), an angiotensin II receptor blocker, in attenuating gentamicin (GM)-induced renal fibrosis through targeting Smad pathway and miRNA-21/200b.
methodsSeventy male albino mice were randomized into seven groups (n = 10): Control, GM, SIS3 + GM, Para + GM, Azil + GM, Para + SIS3 + GM, and Azil + SIS3 + GM. GM (40 mg/kg, I.P.) was administered daily for 7 days. Subsequently, Para (20.5 mg/kg) and Azil (5 mg/kg) were given orally, while SIS3 (2 mg/kg, I.P.) was administered for 7 days. Serum and urine renal function markers were measured. Renal histopathology, protein expression of TGF-β1, CTGF, Smad3, Smad2 and Smad7, and gene expression of miRNA-21 and miRNA-200b were evaluated.
resultsGM caused significant (p < 0.001) nephrotoxicity with elevated BUN, serum creatinine, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, and KIM-1 and increased fibrosis and marked type I collagen deposition compared to normal control. However, treatments with Para & Azil resulted in significant (p < 0.05) improvement in renal functions. Pro-fibrotic markers TGF-β1, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), Type I Collagen, Smad 2 and Smad3 were reduced, while Smad7 was increased in treated groups versus GM group. Additionally, miRNA-21 was downregulated and miRNA-200b was upregulated following treatments.
conclusionParaxanthine and azilsartan demonstrated significantl restoring of kidney function and suppressing fibrotic progression. Their actions were mediated through regulation of Smad3/7 signaling and modulation of miRNA-21 and miRNA-200b expression, highlighting these pathways as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.