ArticlemSphere2026
Association between ocular surface microbiota species and type 2 diabetes mellitus with or without retinopathy and related clinical parameters.
Article in mSphere, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most prevalent blinding microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. Although altered ocular surface microbiota (OSM) has been recently linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), its involvement in these diseases remains to be elucidated at the species level. Our current study investigated 92 conjunctival sac swabs from 28 nondiabetic controls (NC) and 64 type 2 DM patients, including 31 with DR and 33 without DR (non-DR, NDR), for species-resolved OSM profiles using 2bRAD-M sequencing, and investigated their correlations with clinical parameters. A total of 232 species were identified in the study, with 12.5% and 10.8% exclusively observed in DR and NDR, respectively. Significant differences in beta diversity, but not in alpha diversity, were observed in DR compared to NDR and NC. Substantial changes in OSM species composition were observed in DM compared to NC, most attributable to DR. Commensal bacterial species, especially Actinomycetota species, such as IMPORTANCE: Our research characterizes the ocular surface microbiota (OSM) at the species level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), both with and without diabetic retinopathy (DR and NDR), using 2bRAD-M sequencing. It uncovers unique microbial signatures, notably the reduction of commensal Actinomycetota and
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