SynthesisClinical psychology review2026
A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional mixture modeling applications to identify person-centered phenotypes of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Synthesis in Clinical psychology review, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Heterogeneity in World Trade Center Responders: Relations to Maladaptive Personality Traits.American journal of industrial medicine · 2026Article
- Persistent behavioral, biological, and physiological sequelae in active-duty treatment-seeking U.S. special operations forces personnel: a cross-sectional study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Mixture modeling approaches such as latent class analysis (LCA) and latent profile analysis (LPA) have been increasingly applied to identify cross-sectional person-centered presentations, or phenotypes, of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Although these methods have produced numerous findings, researchers vary in how they approach (i.e., pre-method decisions), apply (i.e., peri-method decisions), and interpret (i.e., post-method decisions) mixture models for the overall goal of PTSD phenotyping. Consequently, there is variability in the PTSD symptom phenotypes identified across studies. To help codify this literature to inform future PTSD phenotype research, this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate current methodological practices of mixture modeling applied in the PTSD literature, provides a qualitative examination of PTSD symptom phenotypes, and quantitatively summarizes predominant, data-driven PTSD phenotypes. The review was conducted in June 2025 (updated October 2025), with a final set of 59 articles. Qualitative examination revealed 114 uniquely labeled phenotypes; two consistent symptom severity-based phenotypes (Low Severity, High Severity) and two consistent symptom type-based phenotypes (Dysphoric Arousal, Threat Arousal) were identified. Among a subset of studies examining PTSD symptoms alongside co-occurring conditions, we identified phenotypes distinguished primarily by diagnostic condition (e.g., Predominantly PTSD, Predominantly Depression/Anxiety). Meta-analytic results supported phenotypes identified via qualitative analysis. Results provide a foundation from which confirmatory, validity-based testing of PTSD symptom phenotypes can occur, and yield implications for subtyping traumatic stress reactions. Recommendations for cross-sectional mixture modeling of PTSD symptoms are provided to address methodological limitations identified in the extant literature and inform future person-centered evaluation and treatment of traumatic stress reactions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.