Evidence mapPaperPMID 42120004Full record

ArticleDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2026

Body Mass Index and All-Cause, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Adults Aged 16-50 Years With and Without Type 2 Diabetes: An Analysis of Primary Care Records in England.

Yijing Chen, Cameron Razieh, Jonathan Goldney, Kamlesh Khunti, Melanie Davies, Francesco Zaccardi, Thomas Yates

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Yijing ChenDiabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2183-5522
Cameron RaziehDiabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3597-2945
Jonathan GoldneyDiabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8553-8296
Kamlesh KhuntiDiabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-7099
Melanie DaviesDiabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9987-9371
Francesco ZaccardiDiabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2636-6487
Thomas YatesDiabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5724-5178

Funding

Leicester British Heart Foundation Centre for Research ExcellenceNIHR Applied Research Collaboration East MidlandsNIHR Leicester Biomedical Research CentreWellcome Trust
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsTo examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and risk of all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) mortality among adults aged 16-50 years with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). MATERIALS AND

methodsWe conducted a retrospective matched cohort study using primary care records from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) linked to Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and Office for National Statistics (ONS) mortality records. Individuals aged 16-50 years with T2D were matched (1: up to 10) to those without T2D by year of birth, sex, and general practice. Using flexible parametric survival models and competing risk approaches, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 10-year cumulative incidences of all-cause and cause-specific mortality adjusted for confounders.

resultsA total of 384 787 individuals were included, of whom 86 606 (22.5%) lived with T2D (median age at diagnosis, 44.0 years). The associations between BMI and all-cause mortality, as well as cause-specific mortality, exhibited a U-shaped pattern, with the nadir occurring at a BMI of 29.3 kg/m

conclusionsThe excess risk of mortality associated with T2D was greatest at lower BMI, where absolute risk estimates were high.

Indexed as

Body Mass IndexCardiovascular DiseasesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2NeoplasmsAdolescentAdultCause of DeathEnglandFemaleHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedObesityPrimary Health CareRetrospective Studiesdatabase researchdiabetes complicationsobservational studyreal‐world evidencetype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID42120004
PMCPMC13341375

What Socratic holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.