Adjuvants Alter the Setting Behavior of a Ceramic Bone Graft Substitute: Implications for the Laboratory and Operating Room.

Felix Lamadé-Dootz, Nick Mattern, Sanja Kalmus, Alma Aubert, Paul Alfred Grützner, Jonas Armbruster, Holger Freischmidt

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Felix Lamadé-DootzBG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Department for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany.ORCID 0009-0006-9905-5571

Nick MatternBG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Department for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany.ORCID 0009-0009-9912-5463

Sanja KalmusBG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Department for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany.ORCID 0009-0007-8932-7374

Alma AubertBG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Department for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany.ORCID 0009-0007-8716-1876

Paul Alfred GrütznerBG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Department for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-0730-4782

Jonas ArmbrusterBG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Department for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany.ORCID 0009-0007-2486-665X

Holger FreischmidtBG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Department for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite-calcium sulfate (HACaS) bone cements have been clinically established. Combining HACaS with an antiresorptive (zoledronic acid, ZA) and osteoanabolic agent (bone morphogenic protein 2; BMP-2) may enhance the performance of HACaS bone cements in challenging indications, but it must be ensured that this does not impair their setting and mechanical properties. This study established a Vicat/Gillmore-inspired indentation protocol to quantify force-based endpoints and the setting of HACaS with biological adjuvants. HACaS was mixed with or without ZA and/or BMP-2 at 0 min and after a 2 min pre-setting phase with reduced NaCl content (lower liquid-to-powder ratio). For each time point (3-90 min), three cylindrical pellets (Ø 4 mm, height 6 mm) underwent single indentation. Setting was defined as the maximum force at needle penetration, and endpoint hardness was defined as peak force at failure. For 24 h endpoints, specimens were incubated in blood at 37 °C. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's H post hoc test was performed per time point (

Indexed as

artificial bone substituteBMP-2bone defectGillmore testHACaSliquid-to-powder ratiomacro-indentationnon-unionsVicat testzoledronic acid

Identifiers

PMID42124279

DOI10.3390/ma19091873

PMCPMC13165178

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.