ArticleNuclear medicine communications2026
Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and thyroid hormone profiles in Graves' disease: a retrospective cross-sectional stratified analysis.
Article in Nuclear medicine communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
aimGraves' disease is an autoimmune thyroid disorder mediated by thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRAb). Vitamin D has been proposed as a modulator of autoimmunity; however, its relationship with thyroid hormone profiles in Graves' disease remains unclear.
methodsWe retrospectively analyzed 182 patients with Graves' disease and 172 healthy controls. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were stratified into four categories (<10, 10-20, 20-30, and ≥30 ng/ml). Thyroid parameters [thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T3 (fT3), free T4 (fT4)] were compared across groups using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed in the Graves' disease group to evaluate independent associations between 25(OH)D levels and thyroid hormone parameters, adjusting for age and sex.
resultsSevere vitamin D deficiency (<10 ng/ml) was associated with lower TSH levels compared with the other vitamin D groups (all P < 0.05). FT3 levels were highest in Group I and significantly lower in Groups II-IV (all P < 0.001). Similarly, fT4 levels were higher in Group I compared with Groups II and III ( P < 0.001) and Group IV ( P = 0.002). No statistically significant differences were observed among higher vitamin D categories. In multivariate analysis, serum 25(OH)D levels were independently and inversely associated with both fT3 ( β = -0.260, P < 0.001) and fT4 levels ( β = -0.253, P = 0.001), whereas no independent association was observed with TSH ( β = 0.107, P = 0.158).
conclusionSerum 25(OH)D levels were inversely associated with peripheral thyroid hormone levels in patients with Graves' disease, while no independent association was observed with TSH. These findings suggest a potential relationship between vitamin D status and thyroid hormone dynamics; however, given the cross-sectional design, no causal inference can be made. Further prospective studies are required to clarify the clinical significance of this association.
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