ArticleInternational journal of impotence research2026
Association between serum vitamin D and sex hormones in women: a cross-sectional analysis using NHANES Data (2021-2023).
Article in International journal of impotence research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Most studies on the impact of vitamin D on sex hormones focus on specific populations, such as older males, Asian males, or those with certain health conditions. Limited evidence exists on the relationship between vitamin D and sex hormones in American women. This cross-sectional analysis used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data to explore the association between serum vitamin D levels and sex hormones levels in women. Data from NHANES (2021-2023) were analyzed. Participants were categorized by serum vitamin D levels: Deficient (<50 nmol/L), Insufficient (50-74.99 nmol/L), and Adequate ( ≥ 75 nmol/L). One-way ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used for comparisons, and linear regression evaluated associations. Our analysis specifically focused on a subset of 3181 women aged 18 years and older (18-80 years). Women in the adequate vitamin D group had lower body mass index (BMI) (29.16 vs. 32.10 kg/m², p < 0.001), lower total testosterone (24.10 vs. 32.28 ng/dL, p < 0.001), progesterone (139.05 vs. 229.73 ng/dL, p < 0.001), estrone sulfate (687.10 vs. 1023.08 pg/mL, p < 0.001), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) (66.41 vs. 100.56 µg/dL, p < 0.001) compared to the deficient vitamin D group. They also had higher sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (70.37 vs. 58.55 nmol/L, p < 0.001), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (50.30 vs. 23.99 mIU/mL, p < 0.001), and luteinizing hormone (LH) (26.39 vs. 16.64 mIU/mL, p < 0.001) compared to the deficient vitamin D group. Linear regression revealed that higher serum vitamin D was inversely associated with 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (Beta = -0.85, P = 0.023), androstenedione (Beta = -0.181, p < 0.001), anti-Müllerian hormone (Beta = -0.238, p < 0.001), DHEAS (Beta = -0.204, p < 0.001), total testosterone (Beta = -0.080, P = 0.042), while showing a positive association with follicle-stimulating hormone (Beta = 0.260, p < 0.001) and luteinizing hormone (Beta = 0.208, p < 0.001). Serum vitamin D levels were negatively associated with testosterone and estradiol in American women, particularly in older individuals.
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