ArticleScientific reports2026
Cationic biocide susceptibility and tolerance-associated genes in clinical, environmental, and commensal Enterococcus isolates.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Genomic Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence of ClinicalAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are important etiological agents of both healthcare associated and community-acquired infections, necessitating effective antisepsis and disinfection strategies to limit their transmission. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of Enterococcus isolates from clinical, environmental, and commensal sources to benzalkonium chloride (BCC) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), and to investigate their association with selected efflux-associated genes. A total of 520 specimens were collected from clinical settings, hospital environments, and faecal samples obtained from healthy individuals. From these, 120 Enterococcus isolates were recovered and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for CHX and BCC were determined using an agar dilution method under standardized laboratory conditions. Biofilm formation was quantified using a microtiter plate assay, and the efflux pump genes emeA, efrA, and efrB were detected by PCR. Clinical isolates demonstrated significantly higher resistance to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, along with reduced susceptibility to CHX and BCC, as reflected by higher MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ values. Biofilm formation was observed in 66.7% of isolates and was significantly more prevalent among clinical strains. Isolates harboring efflux pump genes exhibited higher MIC₉₀ values for both biocides, and efrAB and emeA were strongly associated with gentamicin resistance. Overall, clinical Enterococcus isolates exhibited higher antimicrobial resistance, enhanced biofilm-forming capacity, and reduced susceptibility to CHX and BCC compared with environmental and commensal isolates. These findings suggest a potential role of efflux-mediated mechanisms in reduced biocide susceptibility and antibiotic resistance.
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Registered trials
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