ArticleThe Journal of international medical research2026
Global trends, epidemiological patterns, and disability burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease-related cirrhosis from 1990 to 2021: A comprehensive analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study.
Article in The Journal of international medical research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
ObjectivesTo assess long-term global trends in the burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease-related cirrhosis and develop a simplified, waist circumference-based prediction model for early identification of individuals at risk of advanced liver fibrosis.DesignThis study combined (i) ecological time-series analysis using Global Burden of Disease 2021 data (1990-2021) and (ii) cross-sectional analysis of population-based survey data (NHANES 2021-2023). A waist circumference-based logistic regression model was developed and validated to predict metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease-related advanced fibrosis, with subgroup evaluation and model calibration.SettingGlobal analyses were based on Global Burden of Disease data across all World Health Organization regions and income groups. U.S.-based analyses used NHANES, a nationally representative health and nutrition survey, with data collected in community and outpatient settings across multiple states.ParticipantsThe Global Burden of Disease analysis included global population-level estimates from 204 countries. The NHANES component involved 11,933 adults aged ≥20 years, with subgroups defined by metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease status, age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Exclusion criteria included viral hepatitis and excessive alcohol use.InterventionsThis was an observational study with no interventions. The waist circumference-based predictive model served as an analytic tool rather than a clinical intervention.Primary and secondary outcome measures: The primary outcomes were temporal trends in disability-adjusted life years attributable to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease-related cirrhosis and the performance of a waist circumference-based prediction model for advanced fibrosis (≥9.5 kPa by transient elastography). Secondary outcomes included subgroup-specific model performance (area under the curve, calibration) and comparison of metabolic profiles between metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and non-metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease participants.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.