ArticleFrontiers in oncology2026
Burden of liver cancer from 1990 to 2021 and modelled projection to 2040: insights from the global burden of disease study 2021.
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Liver cancer is a significant public health threat worldwide, yet data on its burden and trends are limited. This study aims to evaluate the global burden of liver cancer among global populations from 1990 to 2021, and to project its change to 2040. Methods: In this observational study, population-based registry data were extracted from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2021. The database covers 204 countries and territories, ensuring global applicability of the results. Age-standardized rates of incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were calculated per 100-000 population. Estimated rates of disease burden were calculated for 2040. Results: In 2021, global incident cases of liver cancer were 211460 (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH]-related), 1031830 (hepatitis B virus [HBV]-related), 770310 (hepatitis C virus [HCV]-related), 497720 (alcohol-related), 20240 (hepatoblastoma), and 114460 (other causes-related). HBV-related liver cancer exhibited the highest age-standardized rate of incidence (2.62 per 100-000 population; 95% uncertainty interval [UI], 2.15-3.19), deaths (2.30 per 100-000 population; 95% UI, 1.89-2.81), and DALYs (71.83 per 100-000 population; 95% UI, 59.65-87.25). In 2021, the 65-69 age group bore the heaviest burden, dominated by HBV-related cases. Higher sociodemographic indices correlated with greater burden for most subtypes. High-income Asia Pacific and East Asia had the highest regional burdens. Nationally, Mongolia, Taiwan (Province of China), Monaco, and Mali were most affected. Cross-country inequalities persisted. Projections to 2040 predict rising burden for all subtypes except hepatoblastoma, with NASH-related incident cases increasing by 51.97%. Conclusions: The global disease burden of all liver cancer subtypes, except hepatoblastoma, is increasing. There is an urgent need to strengthen interdisciplinary collaboration and integrate public health measures with clinical interventions to address the increasingly severe challenge of liver cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.