Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42144801›Full record

SynthesisJournal of diabetes research2026

Diabetic Retinopathy and Cognitive Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Associations and Clinical Implications.

Ye He, Yining Zhu, Lixiao Yang, Yuzhu Wang, Chuyi Tan, Fangfang Ma, Ying Xia

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Journal of diabetes research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Ye HeCardiac Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China, cacms.ac.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6143-7789
Yining ZhuCardiac Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China, cacms.ac.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7344-8557
Lixiao YangCardiac Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China, cacms.ac.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5292-5235
Yuzhu WangCardiac Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China, cacms.ac.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7356-868X
Chuyi TanCardiac Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China, cacms.ac.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5226-7917
Fangfang MaCardiac Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China, cacms.ac.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0513-0580
Ying XiaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China, cacms.ac.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9798-2400

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is linked to both diabetic retinopathy (DR) and cognitive impairment, yet the consistency and modifiers of this relationship remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis are aimed at quantifying the association between DR and cognitive dysfunction in T2DM and explore variations by cognitive subtype, diabetes duration, follow-up time, and assessment methods. MATERIALS AND

methodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Chinese databases from 2000 to March 2025. Observational studies comparing cognitive outcomes in T2DM patients with and without DR were included. Data were pooled using random-effects models.

resultsForty-eight studies were included. Cross-sectional studies showed a strong association (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.72-2.42; I

conclusionDR is significantly associated with cognitive impairment in T2DM, particularly dementia and its subtypes. The association is influenced by study design, diabetes duration, follow-up time, and assessment method. DR may serve as a research-level risk signal for cerebral microvascular damage, warranting further prospective studies to validate its clinical utility.

Indexed as

Cognitive DysfunctionDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Diabetic RetinopathyCross-Sectional StudiesHumansRisk Factorscognitive impairmentdementiadiabetes mellitusdiabetic retinopathymild cognitive impairment

Identifiers

PMID42144801
PMCPMC13181155

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.