ArticleBMJ open2026
Neighbourhood migrant density and outcomes in hospitalised patients with cancer before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden: a register-based retrospective cohort study.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesNeighbourhood migrant density is increasingly recognised as a social determinant of health. However, its association with hospitalised patients with cancer outcomes, such as mortality and readmission rates, remains understudied. This study examined whether neighbourhood migrant density influenced these outcomes and whether these associations varied before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
designRetrospective cohort study.
settingSwedish national registers.
participantsHospitalised patients with cancer (ICD code C00-C97) from 2014 to 2019 (before the pandemic) and 2020-2021 (during the pandemic). OUTCOMES: 90-day mortality and readmission rates. Independent variables were neighbourhood migrant density-categorised as total, Western and non-Western migrants (as a proportion of the total area population).
resultsWe identified 243 357 hospitalised patients with cancer before the pandemic and 112 935 during the pandemic. Swedish-born individuals and Western migrants residing in high migrant density neighbourhoods had higher rates of 90-day mortality (incidence rate ratio, IRR: 1.15, 95% CI 95% CI 1.12 to 1.19 and IRR: 1.09, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.18) and readmission (IRR: 1.16, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.19 and IRR: 1.14, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.22). During the pandemic, 90-day mortality rates significantly increased among Western migrants and 90-day readmission rates increased for all patients from high migrant density neighbourhoods.
conclusionsHigh neighbourhoods migrant density was associated with increased 90-day mortality and readmission among Swedish-born individuals and Western migrants before the pandemic. These outcomes were exacerbated during the pandemic, particularly among migrants. Cancer care for residents in neighbourhoods with high migrant density needs to be improved, especially during public health crises.
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