Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42158544›Full record

ArticleBMJ public health2026

"It is the foundation for the child": a qualitative study examining caregiver perspectives on the Nurturing Care Framework in Kenya and Botswana.

Michelle Ann Bulterys, Sarah Garcia, Irene Njuguna, Sara Schenkel, Kedibonye Thankane, Irene Kitsi, Hellen Okinyi, Peter Mulupi, Irene Maeri, Sam Kgole and 6 more

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Article in BMJ public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

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No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Michelle Ann BulterysHerbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9403-5084
Sarah GarciaDepartments of Epidemiology and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Irene NjugunaDepartments of Epidemiology and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Sara SchenkelBotswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Kedibonye ThankaneBotswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Irene KitsiBotswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Hellen OkinyiDepartments of Epidemiology and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Peter MulupiUniversity of Washington Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
Irene MaeriUniversity of Washington Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
Sam KgoleBotswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Gosego MasasaBotswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Dalton C WamalwaPaediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
Adam R CassidyBotswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Joseph MakhemaBotswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Kathleen PowisBotswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Grace John-StewartDepartments of Epidemiology and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: The WHO/UNICEF Nurturing Care Framework (NCF) features five domains necessary for child development-physical/mental health, responsive caregiving, adequate nutrition, security and safety and opportunities for early learning. We explored caregiver perspectives on the NCF in two African settings. Methods: Between November 2023 and July 2024, 14 focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with caregivers living with and without HIV; eight with mothers in Gaborone, Botswana, and six with mothers and fathers in Nairobi, Kenya. FGDs were stratified by country, sex, HIV status and partnership status. Semi-structured interviews with interactive activities elicited caregiver perspectives on the NCF to identify the most 'important', 'easiest' and 'challenging' domains to fulfil. Thematic analyses identified key themes and compared perspectives. Results: Our qualitative study included 101 caregivers, 55 from Kenya (30 mothers, 25 fathers) and 46 mothers from Botswana. Overall, caregivers identified physical/mental health as the 'most important' domain to fulfil for children and caregivers, noting how closely tied they were (" Conclusions: Caregivers face unique parenting challenges depending on cultural environment. HIV disrupts caregivers' health, which has important implications for raising children within families affected by HIV. Interventions that support caregivers' abilities to fulfil all NCF domains and address challenges are essential to ensure children reach their developmental potential.

Indexed as

community-based participatory researchmental healthpublic healthqualitative research

Identifiers

PMID42158544
PMCPMC13182436

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.