ArticleArchives of microbiology2026
Empagliflozin modulates biofilm formation and virulence-associated gene expression in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii.
Article in Archives of microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens represent a major global health threat, necessitating the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Drug repurposing has emerged as a promising approach to identify non-antibiotic agents with antimicrobial and antivirulence potential. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, widely used as antidiabetic agents, have recently attracted attention due to their potential antimicrobial properties. However, evidence regarding the antimicrobial activity of SGLT-2 inhibitors, particularly empagliflozin (EMP), remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of EMP against clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of empagliflozin were determined using the broth microdilution method. The antibiofilm activity of EMP was assessed spectrophotometrically, while its effect on bacterial cell viability was evaluated using a fluorometric resazurin assay. Additionally, changes in the expression of biofilm-related genes (icaA, icaD, bap, and adeG) were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Empagliflozin demonstrated antimicrobial activity against tested clinical isolates MRSA (n = 3) and A. baumannii isolates (n = 3), with MIC values ranging from 3125 to 6250 µg/mL. EMP significantly inhibited biofilm formation in MRSA and A. baumannii strains by 79% and 85%, respectively. Gene expression analysis revealed downregulation of icaA and icaD in MRSA isolates, while bap and adeG expression levels were reduced by 85% and 64%, respectively, in A. baumannii strains. These preliminary and in vitro findings showed that empagliflozin could be a potential candidate for combating MDR pathogens. Further studies will be required to clarify its antimicrobial potential and underlying mechanisms of action.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42159707What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.