Evolutionary diversity of cell-type-specific expression and stress response in Brassicaceae roots.

Plants are composed of diverse cell types that facilitate adaptations to the environment, yet cross-species comparisons of such response programs at single-cell resolution remain scarce. To explore this diversity, here we profile >200,000 root cells from five Brassicaceae species, including stress-sensitive species (Arabidopsis thaliana, Sisymbrium irio), extremophytes (Eutrema salsugineum, Schrenkiella parvula), and the polyploid crop Camelina sativa under control, NaCl, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. We develop a computational pipeline to characterize the conservation and divergence of cell-type gene expression across the Brassicaceae, revealing that approximately half of previously defined Arabidopsis cell-type markers fail to maintain conserved expression in one or more non-Arabidopsis species. Therefore, we curate a refined set of pan-Brassicaceae markers and identify orthologs whose expression profiles have diverged across lineages. Using in situ hybridization, we map distinct cortex subpopulations to specific cortical layers across species, and find flavonoid biosynthesis programs preferentially localized to the inner cortex layer, linking cortex-layer specification to metabolic specialization. Cell-type contributions to stress responses differ among species and across treatments, with lineage-specific losses of responsiveness occurring less frequently but evolutionarily more favored than lineage-specific gains. In C. sativa, sub-genomes contribute equally to stress responses, and homeologs with divergent responses typically lack other signatures of functional divergence. Together, this work establishes a foundational root single-cell atlas and an analytical framework for multi-species comparative transcriptomics, providing insights into how stress responses diversify across cell types, stress-sensitive to stress-adapted species, and in crop lineages.