ArticleTranslational andrology and urology2026
Leonurine suppresses renal cell carcinoma progression by targeting the PDK1-mediated Warburg effect.
Article in Translational andrology and urology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Leonurine (Leo), a bioactive alkaloid derived from Leonurus japonicus, has demonstrated anti-tumor potential in various malignancies; however, its specific role and molecular targets in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remain to be elucidated. In this study, we aim to offer a novel perspective on Leo's role in the treatment of RCC, and to provide guidance for the development of new anti-RCC drugs. Methods: The anti-tumor efficacy of Leo was evaluated in RCC cell lines through Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation, flow cytometry, and Transwell assays. In silico prediction via the ChEMBL database was utilized to identify potential molecular targets, which were further validated using microscale thermophoresis (MST), molecular docking, and cell thermal shift assays (CETSA). Glycolytic flux was assessed by measuring the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), glucose uptake, lactate secretion, and intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. Rescue experiments were employed to confirm the involvement of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1)-mediated metabolic axis. Subcutaneous xenograft mouse model was used to evaluate the role of Leo in RCC progression. Results: Leonurine significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of RCC cells while inducing apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, Leo was found to interact directly with PDK1 with high affinity, leading to the downregulation of PDK1 protein levels. Functional studies revealed that Leo effectively suppressed the Warburg effect in RCC cells. Notably, the ectopic overexpression of PDK1 significantly abrogated the inhibitory effects of Leo on cell growth, metastasis, and glycolytic metabolism. Consistently, Conclusions: Leo acts as a novel metabolic inhibitor in RCC by directly targeting the PDK1-mediated glycolytic pathway.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.