ReviewMedComm2026
Regulation of Immune Checkpoints: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Therapies.
Review in MedComm, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer therapy by targeting crucial coinhibitory pathways. Pathways involving PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 are essential for immune homeostasis but are frequently exploited by tumors to evade immune surveillance. ICIs block these interactions, unleashing a potent antitumor immune response. However, broad clinical efficacy is limited by low response rates, immune-related adverse events, and the pervasive challenge of primary or acquired resistance. This review summarizes the fundamental molecular mechanisms of key checkpoints (PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4, TIM-3) and highlights recent clinical progress in ICI monotherapies and combination strategies. We systematically explore multifaceted mechanisms of resistance, encompassing both tumor-intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Furthermore, we outline novel therapeutic approaches being designed to overcome this resistance. Finally, we discuss promising predictive biomarkers and precision immuno-oncology strategies. This review provides a critical framework for navigating the current landscape and offers a rationale to guide the future development of effective combination therapies to improve patient outcomes.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.