Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42169513›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2026

PvGAP: Development of a Globally Applicable, Highly Multiplexed Microhaplotype Amplicon Panel for Plasmodium vivax.

Alfred Hubbard, Edwin Solares, Lauren Bradley, Brook Jeang, Delenasaw Yewhalaw, Daniel Janies, Eugenia Lo, Guiyun Yan, Elizabeth Hemming-Schroeder

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. UnderstandingiScience · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. UnderstandingmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Alfred HubbardDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4917-7272
Edwin SolaresDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3220-4927
Lauren BradleyDepartment of Population Health & Disease Prevention, UC Irvine Wen School of Population and Public Health, Irvine, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2446-7954
Brook JeangDepartment of Population Health & Disease Prevention, UC Irvine Wen School of Population and Public Health, Irvine, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3817-2003
Delenasaw YewhalawSchool of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.ORCID 0000-0002-2907-9360
Daniel JaniesDepartment of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7890-9906
Eugenia LoDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-5355-9988
Guiyun YanDepartment of Population Health & Disease Prevention, UC Irvine Wen School of Population and Public Health, Irvine, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8760-2925
Elizabeth Hemming-SchroederCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2569-5059

Funding

Vector Biology of Invasive Anopheles stephensi in Rural to Urban Landscapes in EthiopiaU19AI129326 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-IRVINE · PI Guiyun Yan · 2017 to 2026
$19.9M
Plasmodium vivax Erythrocyte Invasion Mechanisms and Humoral Immune Response in Duffy Negative AfricansR01AI162947 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA CHARLOTTE · PI Eugenia Lo · 2022 to 2026
$3.4M
A longitudinal cohort study of Plasmodium vivax relapses in Central AfricaR21AI190606 · NIAID · DREXEL UNIVERSITY · PI Eugenia Lo · 2025 to 2026
$397k
Molecular epidemiology and serology of malaria under shifting agricultural practices in AfricaF32AI147460 · NIAID · CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY · PI HEMMING-SCHROEDER, ELIZABETH ANNE · 2019 to 2022
$171k
Lucille P. and Edward C. Giles Dissertation-Year FellowshipNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIAID NIH HHS F32 AI147460NIAID NIH HHS F32AI147460NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI162947NIAID NIH HHS R01AI162947NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI190606NIAID NIH HHS R21AI190606NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI129326NIAID NIH HHS U19AI129326
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPlasmodium vivax malaria research has yet to fully benefit from advances in genomic surveillance that have revolutionized P. falciparum epidemiology. Closing this gap will enable monitoring the spread of drug resistance, classifying infections as local or imported, and distinguishing reinfection, recrudescence, and relapse. To achieve these objectives, microhaplotype marker panels that allow powerful genotyping of polyclonal infections are needed.

methodsWe designed a globally applicable amplicon panel for P. vivax (PvGAP), selecting targets based on both genetic diversity and distance to maximize discriminatory capability between geographic regions. We evaluated this panel with field samples from Ethiopia and in silico using whole genomes from the MalariaGEN Pv4 database.

resultsPvGAP has 80 high-diversity targets suitable for population genomics and 8 targets of epidemiological interest, such as putative markers of drug resistance. We demonstrate robust amplification with field data and competitive accuracy for relatedness inference in 3 disparate geographic regions.

conclusionsPvGAP joins existing P. vivax panels as a cost-effective and practical option for genomic epidemiology of this neglected disease. It will support drug resistance surveillance and discrimination of local and imported cases, and it may aid in separating reinfection, recrudescence, and relapse in therapeutic efficacy studies, all critical needs of National Malaria Control Programs.

Indexed as

Genotyping TechniquesHaplotypesMalaria, VivaxPlasmodium vivaxDrug ResistanceEthiopiaGenetic VariationGenome, ProtozoanGenotypeHumansamplicon sequencinggenomic epidemiologymicrohaplotypesmolecular surveillancePlasmodium vivax

Identifiers

PMID42169513
PMCPMC13600429

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.