ArticleJournal of materials science. Materials in medicine2026
Tunable soy protein isolate hydrogel for nanoparticles brain release.
Article in Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Implantable biomaterials for local drug release have been investigated to avoid the ned to cross the blood-brain barrier, which is one of the major limitations of current brain tumors therapies. However, their translation is still limited by inadequate tissue compatibility and suboptimal drug/nanoparticles release. In this study, soy protein isolate (SPI) hydrogels were engineered using microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) as a safe, naturally derived crosslinker, and optimized for brain-relevant constraints. Hydrogels were prepared at 10% and 12% (w/v) SPI and crosslinked with 20 or 40 mg MTGase/g SPI. Crosslinking was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, while scanning electron microscopy revealed a highly porous, microstructure with well-defined cavities. Hydrogels showed high water content (87-89%) and controlled swelling behavior over 72 h that is inversely correlated to MTGase concentration. Rheological analysis demonstrated solid-like behavior (G' > G''), shear-thinning viscosity suitable for syringe-based injection, and mechanical stability under dynamic stress. Among the tested samples, the 10% (w/v) SPI hydrogel crosslinked with 20 mg MTGase/g SPI exhibited a storage modulus (~260 Pa) closely matching native brain tissue, making it the most suitable candidate for intracranial application. This formulation enabled controlled release of 100-200 nm liposomes and sustained delivery of doxorubicin-loaded liposomes, resulting in a significant reduction in glioblastoma cell viability in vitro. Importantly, the hydrogel showed no cytotoxicity and did not allow cancer cell adhesion and infiltration, confirming its bioinert nature. Overall, MTGase-crosslinked SPI hydrogels emerge as versatile, scalable, and brain-compatible biomaterials for injectable implants and sustained local nanoparticle release.
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