ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026
Cytokine gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus infection in familial clusters from Iran: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study investigated the associations between specific polymorphisms in the Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) cytokine genes and susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB) in Iranian families with a history of the disease.
methodsThis cross-sectional study involved 90 CHB patients, 18 individuals with Recovered hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and 30 healthy intrafamilial controls matched for age and sex. Genotyping of the IL-10 (-1082 G > A), IL-18 (-137 G > C), IL-1β (-511 C > T), and TNF-α (-308 G > A) polymorphisms was conducted via polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). Associations with CHB susceptibility were assessed via multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age and sex across multiple genetic models. To address potential non-independence of observations from the same family, we conducted a sensitivity analysis using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach with an exchangeable correlation structure, clustering by family.
resultsA significant association was identified between the IL-10-1082 AA genotype and CHB. This genotype was present in 84.4% (76/90) of the CHB patients (p < 0.0001), suggesting an increased likelihood of chronic HBV infection. This association remained in the GEE sensitivity analysis (p < 0.001). For the IL-18-137 G > C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), the heterozygous GC genotype was associated with a significantly greater risk of chronicity (p = 0.001). The significance of this finding was retained in the GEE model (p = 0.001). The IL-1β-511 CC genotype was less common in CHB patients (6.7%) than in controls (16.7%), suggesting a potential protective effect. No significant association was found for the TNF-α -308 G > A polymorphism.
conclusionsOur findings indicate that genetic variations in IL-10 (-1082 G > A) and IL-18 (-137 G > C) are significant predictors of susceptibility to chronic HBV infection in these familial Iranian clusters. These observational findings suggest a possible role for cytokine gene polymorphisms in the persistence of HBV infection and underscore the need for further studies to explore their utility in genetic screening for high-risk families.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.