ReviewMolecular biology reports2026
Cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms, clinical applications, resistance and future directions.
Review in Molecular biology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Mitochondrial metabolism and PD-1 blockade: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities in cancer immunotherapy.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionised oncology by utilising immune-mediated mechanisms to achieve durable anti-tumour responses and long-term clinical benefits. Unlike traditional cytotoxic therapies, immunotherapeutic approaches modulate host-tumour interactions and restore immune surveillance, thereby enabling sustainable tumour control. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis covering the biological foundations and clinical development of cancer immunotherapy, cancer-immunity system interactions, tumour immunoediting, and the cancer-immunity cycle as a conceptual framework for therapeutic intervention. Major immunotherapeutic approaches, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapies, cancer vaccines, cytokine-based therapies, and oncolytic viruses, have been systematically reviewed for their mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Particular emphasis is placed on regulatory agency-approved agents, indication-based clinical use, predictive biomarkers, and rational combination strategies. Furthermore, this review addresses key challenges that limit therapeutic efficacy, including primary and acquired resistance, tumour heterogeneity, immune escape mechanisms, and the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. New directions such as personalised immunotherapy, neoantigen-based targeting, microbiome-immune interactions, and artificial intelligence-supported systems immunology are also discussed. By integrating mechanistic insights with clinical evidence and resistance frameworks, this review provides a consolidated perspective on the current state and future trajectory of cancer immunotherapy, offering important implications for translational research and clinical practice.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42189338What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.