ArticleActa pharmacologica Sinica2026
T cell-targeted immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: molecular mechanisms to therapeutic perspectives from Traditional Chinese medicine.
Article in Acta pharmacologica Sinica, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system characterized by an imbalance between effector T cells (Th1/Th17) and regulatory T-cell (Treg) function. Current disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) reduce relapse frequency mainly through broad immunomodulation, but their non-specific mechanisms often lead to adverse effects and incomplete disease control, especially in progressive MS. These limitations have driven efforts to develop next-generation T-cell-targeted approaches, such as antigen-specific tolerance induction and adoptive Treg therapy. However, the highly oxidative inflammatory microenvironment within the central nervous system (CNS) of MS limits the development of these advanced T-cell-targeted therapies. Excessive reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) destabilize FoxP3 expression, interfere with IL-2 signaling, and promote Th17 differentiation, thereby reducing the stability and function of therapeutic T cells. This review summarizes the development of existing DMTs and emerging T-cell-targeted immunotherapies and reviews the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms. We further summarize evidence on bioactive compounds derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that can regulate ROS/RNS levels, reduce oxidative and inflammatory stress, and potentially serve as adjunct agents to improve the performance of cell-targeted therapies. In conclusion, we propose that future therapeutic strategies for MS may require the simultaneous targeting of autoreactive T-cell pathways and modulation of the CNS redox environment to maintain immune tolerance. Taken together, integrating T-cell immunotherapy with redox microenvironment modulation may enhance the durability of therapeutic responses and provide a conceptual rationale for combining TCM-based redox strategies with emerging cellular immunotherapies in the management of autoimmune neurological disorders.
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