Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Techniques and Their Efficacy in Treating Cognition and Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease-A Systematic Review.

Hector P Valverde, Benjamin J Clark, Jeremy Hogeveen, Vincent P Clark

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Brain sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Hector P ValverdePsychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.ORCID 0009-0009-8821-6386

Benjamin J ClarkPsychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2662-8520

Jeremy HogeveenPsychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9612-2085

Vincent P ClarkPsychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9151-2102

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesThe growing aging population is susceptible to cognitive and memory impairment, most commonly due to Alzheimer's disease, with no cures currently available. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques may serve to improve cognition and delay catastrophic memory loss.

methodsA systematic review of NIBS research on cognitive impairment was carried out using PubMed, with additional backward citation searching. A total of 81 studies using NIBS were included.

conclusionsThe reviewed studies show that NIBS holds promise in improving memory deficits in patients with cognitive impairment. While the longevity of benefits from transcranial electrical stimulation appears limited, its short-term effects may provide benefits when used consistently. Transcranial magnetic stimulation appears to provide longer-lasting benefits. Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation may also provide further benefits through more precise targeting of deeper brain structures compared to other NIBS techniques. Together, these results suggest that NIBS shows promise for the treatment of symptoms related to cognitive and memory impairment, and may help to alleviate some of the growing issues associated with the increasing level of Alzheimer's disease in an aging population.

Indexed as

Alzheimer’s diseasedementianeuromodulationnoninvasive brain stimulationtranscranial alternating current stimulationtranscranial direct current stimulationtranscranial focused ultrasound stimulationtranscranial magnetic stimulation

Identifiers

PMID42192839

DOI10.3390/brainsci16050527

PMCPMC13204702

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.