ReviewBiomedicines2026
The Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Retinal Microvascular Alterations.
Review in Biomedicines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have revolutionized the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by providing robust glycemic control alongside significant cardioprotective and renoprotective benefits. This review synthesizes current mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical evidence regarding the impact of GLP-1RAs on retinal microvasculature and summarizes the current clinical evidence of GLP-1RA-induced retinal complications. GLP-1RAs exert pleiotropic effects on the retinal microvasculature, offering protection by amelioration of endothelial function, reduction in oxidative stress, inflammation, microvascular remodeling, and preservation of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). Despite these mechanistic advantages, emerging clinical data have raised concerns regarding potential retinal adverse events associated with GLP-1RA therapy. Observational studies and pharmacovigilance analyses have suggested possible associations with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), diabetic macular edema (DME), vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, macular hole formation, and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR), particularly in the context of semaglutide use. Most evidence comes from retrospective studies or secondary endpoints, limiting causal inference. Retinal complications associated with GLP-1RAs remain heterogeneous and inconclusive, requiring careful evaluation of potential risks across diverse patient populations. Future research should conduct large, randomized trials with standardized ocular endpoints, detailed imaging, and stratified analyses to clarify GLP-1RA retinal safety.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.