ArticleGels (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Development and Comparative Evaluation of Low-Cost Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anesthesia Phantom Models.
Article in Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Regional anesthesia is vital for modern surgical practices, but accessibility to training is often hampered by the high cost of commercial phantom models. This study aimed to develop and evaluate low-cost, realistic phantom alternatives using Ecoflex, borax-containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and plastisol compositions. The models were evaluated under ultrasound for imaging properties, including needle visibility, tissue resistance, cost, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), axial full width at half maximum (FWHM), and compared to a commercial reference (Blue Phantom). Initial qualitative assessments were performed by three experienced evaluators, and inter-observer agreement demonstrated good to excellent reliability. In addition, a long-term usability assessment was conducted more than one year after phantom preparation, involving 20 participants using a structured Likert scale. A statistically significant difference was observed among materials (Friedman test,
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