ReviewInternational journal of pharmaceutics: X2026
Metal-based nanoparticles for reprogramming macrophage polarization: Advances in immunomodulatory nanotherapeutics.
Review in International journal of pharmaceutics: X, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Macrophages, key players in the immune system, exhibit remarkable plasticity, polarizing into pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes in response to microenvironmental cues. This functional dichotomy is pivotal in the pathogenesis and progression of a wide array of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and tissue injury. Consequently, modulating macrophage polarization has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Metal-based nanoparticles (MNPs) have garnered significant attention in this field due to their unique physicochemical properties, which enable them to function as both immunomodulatory agents and sophisticated drug delivery vehicles. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in utilizing various MNPs including those based on gold (Au), silver (Ag), iron oxide (Fe₃O₄), manganese dioxide (MnO₂), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to reprogram macrophage polarization for therapeutic benefit. We critically examine the distinct strategies employed; for instance, promoting a shift toward the M1 phenotype using Fe₃O₄ or TiO₂ nanoparticles to enhance anti-tumor immunity, versus inducing M2 polarization with Au or Ag nanoparticles to resolve inflammation and promote tissue repair. The underlying mechanisms, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulation, targeted delivery of therapeutic payloads, and direct interaction with cellular signaling pathways, are discussed in detail. Finally, this review summarizes the therapeutic potential of MNPs in macrophage-targeted immunomodulation and highlights the existing challenges and future perspectives for their clinical translation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.