Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42201230›Full record

ArticleAdvances in respiratory medicine2026

Exploratory Changes in Surfactant Protein D During Intermittent Hypoxia and Modulation by Galectin-3 Inhibition.

Saad Al-Anazi, Yasser A Alshawakir, Syed Shahid Habib, Hayam Gad, Asma F Alotaibi, Alanoud T Aljasham, Wajd Ahmed Althakfi, Mohamed A Mekhtiche, Abeer Abdulmoati Al-Masri

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Article in Advances in respiratory medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Saad Al-AnaziDepartment of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0003-0644-4035
Yasser A AlshawakirExperimental Surgery and Animal Laboratory, Prince Naif for Health Research Center (PNHRC), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Syed Shahid HabibDepartment of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0001-5944-8406
Hayam GadDepartment of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
Asma F AlotaibiDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Alanoud T AljashamDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia.
Wajd Ahmed AlthakfiHistopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia.
Mohamed A MekhticheDepartment of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia.
Abeer Abdulmoati Al-MasriDepartment of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

King Saud University 2025-1219
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSurfactant Protein D (SP-D) is a critical immunomodulatory collectin maintaining alveolar homeostasis. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)-related intermittent hypoxia (IH) disrupts pulmonary surfactant integrity; however, severity-dependent SP-D dynamics remain incompletely characterized. This study explores SP-D as a potential indicator of IH-induced alveolar stress and evaluates whether Galectin-3 (Gal-3) inhibition modulates surfactant homeostasis.

methodsForty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (8 per group) were randomized to Control (normoxia), Moderate IH (MIH; 15-30 events/hour), Severe IH (SIH; 30-60 events/hour), MIH + Gal-3 inhibitor (Modified Citrus Pectin, 800 mg/kg/day), or SIH + Gal-3 inhibitor. IH exposure lasted 8 h/day for 10 days. Outcomes included circulating SP-D, Surfactant Protein B (SP-B), inflammatory markers, physiological parameters, and histopathological lung injury scores assessed via American Thoracic Society guidelines.

resultsSP-D levels showed numerical reductions with increasing IH severity (Control: 1969.07 pg/mL [IQR: 262.15]; SIH: 1404.30 pg/mL [IQR: 351.88]), representing a 28.6% decrease. However, between-group variability resulted in non-significant omnibus testing (Kruskal-Wallis

conclusionsSP-D demonstrates severity-associated alterations consistent with alveolar epithelial stress during IH, though high variability limits definitive biomarker validation in this sample. Gal-3 inhibition modulates surfactant homeostasis and attenuates cardiopulmonary injury in a context-dependent manner. These findings support further investigation into SP-D as a component of multimodal severity stratification in OSA and highlight Gal-3 inhibition as a context-dependent anti-inflammatory strategy, pending validation in larger cohorts with tissue-level confirmation.

Indexed as

Galectin 3HypoxiaPectinsPulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein DAnimalsMaleRatsRats, Sprague-DawleySleep Apnea, Obstructivecitrus pectinGalectin 3PectinsPulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein Dalveolar integrityexploratory biomarkergalectin-3intermittent hypoxiamodified citrus pectinobstructive sleep apneasurfactant protein D

Identifiers

PMID42201230
PMCPMC13214470

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.