Evidence mapPaperPMID 42201428Full record

ReviewDiscover nano2026

Exosome-loaded nanoradiosensitizers in radiotherapy for preventing post-irradiation tumor recurrence: mechanisms, preclinical evidence, and translational challenges.

Daniel Ejim Uti, Josephine E Egbung, Bassey Omeh Anthony, Ogar Rose Omari, Wilson Achu Omang, Waheeb Sami Aggad, Hailah M Almohaimeed, Neeraj Bainsal, Sandeep Kumar Shukla, Kranti Kiran Reddy Ealla and 1 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Discover nano, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Daniel Ejim UtiDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Federal University of Health Sciences, Otukpo, Benue State, Nigeria. dan4uti@gmail.com.
Josephine E EgbungDepartment of Public Health Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
Bassey Omeh AnthonyDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Technology Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Ogar Rose OmariDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Technology Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Wilson Achu OmangDepartment of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Waheeb Sami AggadDivision of Anatomy, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, 23890, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Hailah M AlmohaimeedDepartment of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Neeraj BainsalUniversity Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.
Sandeep Kumar ShuklaSharda School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India.
Kranti Kiran Reddy EallaDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Malla Reddy Institute of Dental Sciences, Malla Reddy Vishwavidyapeeth, Suraram, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500055, India.
Esther Ugo AlumDepartment of Biochemistry, Research and Publications, Kampala International University, P.O. Box 20000, Kampala, Uganda.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Radiotherapy remains a cornerstone in cancer treatment, yet its therapeutic efficacy is often limited by radioresistance, tumor heterogeneity, and recurrence post-irradiation. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising avenue to enhance radiosensitization, improve tumor selectivity, and reduce off-target toxicity. Among these, exosome-loaded nanoradiosensitizers represent an innovative strategy, leveraging the natural biocompatibility, tumor-homing ability, and immunomodulatory properties of exosomes to deliver radiosensitizing agents with precision. This review examines the design principles, fabrication strategies, and functional mechanisms of exosome-based nanoradiosensitizers, highlighting how they enhance DNA damage, modulate the tumor microenvironment, and overcome intrinsic and acquired radioresistance. We discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying radiosensitization, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) amplification, cell-cycle modulation, hypoxia alleviation, and immune system engagement. Furthermore, we explore in vitro and in vivo preclinical evidence demonstrating the efficacy of these systems in reducing tumor recurrence post-irradiation. Challenges such as scalable exosome production, cargo loading efficiency, targeted delivery, and regulatory considerations are critically evaluated. Finally, the review outlines translational perspectives, potential combinatorial therapies, and key considerations for clinical trial design. By integrating insights from nanomedicine, radiobiology, and exosome biology, this review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for the development of next-generation exosome-based nanoradiosensitizers, ultimately enhancing radiotherapy outcomes and minimizing tumor relapse in resistant cancers.

Indexed as

Exosome-based nanocarriersRadiosensitizationRadiotherapy enhancementTumor microenvironmentTumor recurrence

Identifiers

PMID42201428
PMCPMC13216446

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.