ReviewTranslational neurodegeneration2026
From phenotype to biology: a multi-modal roadmap of biofluid, tissue, imaging, and digital biomarkers in Parkinson's disease.
Review in Translational neurodegeneration, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
The definition of Parkinson's disease (PD) is undergoing a profound transformation from a "clinical syndrome" to a "biological entity", with development of two objective biological classification systems, the NSD-ISS (Neuronal Alpha-Synuclein Disease Integrated Staging System) and the SynNeurGe framework. Multimodal diagnostic tools further improve the detection of PD. This review synthesizes advances in three key domains of PD detection. First, fluid and tissue biomarkers, particularly using α-synuclein (αSyn) seed amplification assays, allow detection of synucleinopathy in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, saliva, and skin. This supports pathological diagnosis and differential classification. Extracellular vesicles provide cell-type-specific cargo profiles, while neurofilament light chain indicates neuroaxonal injury. Second, neuroimaging captures in vivo pathology. MRI identifies nigral degeneration (nigrosome-1 loss, iron accumulation, neuromelanin depletion), MRS reveals metabolic and neurotransmitter imbalances, and αSyn positron emission tomography tracers enable direct visualization of aggregation. Third, digital biomarkers derived from wearable devices, videos, and audios quantify real-world motor and non-motor symptoms, enabling continuous, ecological monitoring. Integration of these complementary biomarker streams is essential for biological definition and stratification of PD patients, and development of targeted therapies. Standardization of assays, multicenter validations, and clear guidance on who should be tested, when testing is appropriate, and how results should inform diagnosis, stratification, or monitoring are required for the translation of these methods into clinical practice in PD.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.