ArticleRegenerative biomaterials2026
M1 macrophage-targeted engineered ginseng stems and leaves-derived extracellular vesicles delivery system for alleviating rheumatoid arthritis.
Article in Regenerative biomaterials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Advances in Research onInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, oxidative stress damage and joint destruction. Current treatments often face challenges including limited targeting efficacy and systemic side effects. To develop a novel targeted therapy for RA, this study constructed a functionalized extracellular vesicle (EV) system by engineering ginseng stems and leaves-derived EVs with hyaluronic acid (HA) modification and curcumin (Cur) loading (Cur@EVs-PH). Structurally, the EVs-PH drug-loaded nanoplatform integrates the remarkable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of EVs with the prolonged circulation capacity conferred by PEG. This design further capitalizes on the targeting ability of HA, thereby providing a robust structural foundation for the efficient delivery of therapeutics to disease sites. Our results demonstrated that the designed system achieved enhanced inflammatory targeting through CD44 receptor-mediated accumulation and exhibited potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In the collagen-induced arthritis model, Cur@EVs-PH significantly alleviated joint swelling, reduced pathological scores and normalized immune organ indices. Mechanistic studies revealed that the therapeutic effects were mediated through suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotion of macrophage M2 polarization. This integrated strategy combining natural EVs, targeted modification and active drug loading provides a promising platform for the treatment of RA and other inflammatory diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.