ReviewFrontiers in medicine2026
Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as immunomodulatory agents: targeting pathological crosstalk in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis.
Review in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are chronic immune-mediated diseases characterized by overlapping clinical presentations and shared immunoregulatory pathways. Both conditions involve dysregulated immune cell activation, autoantibody production, cytokine imbalance, compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB), and mechanisms that establish self-perpetuating cycles that drive neuroinflammatory cascades, demyelination, and tissue injury. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (SC-EVs) efficiently deliver and protect bioactive cargo, notably key immunoregulatory molecules including microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins, from enzymatic degradation through their bilayer membrane structure, facilitating intercellular communication and immune modulation. Preclinical studies in animal models of SLE and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, the standard MS model) have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) modulate immune responses by suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators, enhancing anti-inflammatory signaling, promoting tissue repair, and conferring neuroprotection. Accumulating evidence suggests that the functional cargo of MSC-EVs targets key pathogenic processes in both diseases, including immune cell polarization, cytokine regulation, and tissue regeneration. This review examines the convergent immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of SC-EVs in SLE and MS, highlighting their potential as cell-free immunotherapeutic agents for mitigating autoimmune-mediated damage. This review highlights the synergistic role of microRNA-146a-5p (miR-146a-5p) and microRNA-21-5p (miR-21-5p) in reprogramming immune responses and the context-dependent regulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) axis in tissue repair.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.