Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42223014›Full record

ArticleeLife2026

Distinct evolutionary trajectories of two integration centres, the central complex and mushroom bodies, across Heliconiini butterflies.

Max S Farnworth, Yi Peng Toh, Theodora Loupasaki, Elizabeth A Hodge, Basil El Jundi, Stephen H Montgomery

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in eLife, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. The diversity of lepidopteran spatial orientation strategies - neuronal mechanisms and emerging challenges in a changing world.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2026
    Review
  4. The evolution of lepidopteran brain morphology.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Max S FarnworthSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2418-3203
Yi Peng TohBehaviour and Speciation, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7110-5270
Theodora LoupasakiSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9066-224X
Elizabeth A HodgeSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1837-4719
Basil El JundiDepartment of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4539-6681
Stephen H MontgomerySchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5474-5695

Funding

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Walter-Benjamin Fellowship FA 1818/1-1European Research Council Starter Grant 758508European Research Council Starter Grant 851040; to Richard M MerrillHuman Frontier Science Program Project Grant RGP0029/2022Medical Research Council DTP studentship MR/W006308/1Natural Environment Research Council Independent Research Fellowship NE/N014936/1University of Bristol Student Scholarship
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Neural circuits evolved to produce variable cognitive processes through adaptive mechanisms operating within a background of developmental and functional constraints. Understanding how this conflict is resolved requires a comparative framework encapsulating clear behavioural variation. We leverage Heliconiini butterflies to examine how selection shaped the evolution of the central complex and mushroom bodies, two insect integration centres involved in navigation. The evolution of systematic spatial foraging in

Indexed as

Biological EvolutionButterfliesMushroom BodiesAnimalsNeuropeptidesNeuropeptidesbrain evolutioncentral complexevolutionary biologyHeliconiini Butterfliesmushroom bodiesneural circuitsneuroscience

Identifiers

PMID42223014
PMCPMC13225844

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.