Evidence mapPaperPMID 42223396Full record

ArticleJournal of diabetes investigation2026

Self-management in gestational diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh: Determinants from women and caregivers' perspectives employed a cross-sectional study.

Bilkis Banu, Nasrin Akter, Md Jiaur Rahman, Moomtahina Fatima, Fatema Ashraf, Md Nazmul Karim

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of diabetes investigation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Bilkis BanuDepartment of Public Health, Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9040-7386
Nasrin AkterDepartment of NHMRC Clinical Trials Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2199-5353
Md Jiaur RahmanDepartment of Health Science, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
Moomtahina FatimaDivision of Abdominal Transplantation, The Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Fatema AshrafSmart Healthcare and Research Ltd, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Md Nazmul KarimSchool of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2604-9649

Funding

Bangladesh Medical Research Council (BMRC)
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAlthough clinical guideline of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is well-defined, still influence of the household environment and caregiver support on patient's adherence to self-management remains under-explored.

objectiveThis study aimed to identify the patient, household, and caregiver-level determinants of GDM self-management in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among 251 dyads of GDM patients including their caregivers across four tertiary hospitals in Dhaka. Diabetes self-management (DSM) was evaluated using the validated Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) (Cronbach's alpha = 0.74), supplemented by a pretested, semi-structured instrument assessing caregiver knowledge and support. Predictors of suboptimal DSM were identified using multivariable logistic regression with backward elimination in STATA. Model discrimination was validated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC).

resultsSuboptimal DSM was observed in 68.5% of participants. Domain-specific analysis revealed critical gaps in glycemic monitoring (82.5%), dietary control (75.7%), and physical activity (73.3%), while healthcare utilization (56.2%) showed higher adherence. Multivariable modeling demonstrated that household architecture was a dominant predictor; living in nuclear or extended families significantly increased the odds of suboptimal DSM compared to living alone. Further determinants included clinical complexity (comorbidities, family history) and reproductive history (parity ≥2). Notably, caregiver-level factors, specifically poor knowledge and inadequate support (prevalent in >50% of caregivers), were robustly associated with deficient glycemic monitoring and healthcare utilization (AUC = 0.78).

conclusionThe findings suggest that the household unit, rather than the individual patient, is the functional unit of GDM care. Transitioning toward family-centered therapeutic models is essential to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes in GDM cases.

Indexed as

CaregiversDiabetes, GestationalHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticePatient ComplianceSelf-ManagementAdultBangladeshCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansPregnancyPrognosisSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung AdultBangladeshGestational Diabetes MellitusSelf‐management

Identifiers

PMID42223396
PMCPMC13399072

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.