Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42223976›Full record

ArticleJAMA pediatrics2026

AI Chatbot Use and Disclosure for Mental Health Among US Adolescents and Young Adults.

Ryan K McBain, Jonathan H Cantor, Joshua Breslau, Melissa Diliberti, Li Ang Zhang, Fang Zhang, Alyssa Burnett, Aaron Kofner, Benjamin Rader, Pat Pataranutaporn and 3 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in JAMA pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Editorial: Technology is in our ecology.Child and adolescent mental health · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Ryan K McBainRAND, Arlington, Virginia.
Jonathan H CantorRAND, Santa Monica, California.
Joshua BreslauRAND, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Melissa DilibertiRAND, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Li Ang ZhangRAND, Santa Monica, California.
Fang ZhangHarvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Alyssa BurnettHarvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
Aaron KofnerRAND, Arlington, Virginia.
Benjamin RaderHarvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Pat PataranutapornMIT Media Lab, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Bradley D SteinRAND, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Ateev MehrotraBrown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island.
Hao YuHarvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

Funding

State Telehealth Policies and Mental Care for Children in Underserved AreasR01MH132551 · NIMH · HARVARD PILGRIM HEALTH CARE, INC. · PI HAO YU · 2024 to 2026
$2.3M
NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH132551
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Importance: The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots has coincided with a persistent youth mental health crisis in the US, raising a question about the extent to which young people are turning to this technology for mental health advice. Objective: To assess the prevalence, frequency, perceived helpfulness, and disclosure of AI chatbot use for mental health advice among US adolescents and young adults in 2025. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional, nationally representative survey was conducted with adolescents and young adults aged 12 to 21 years in November 2025. Exposures: Exposures included self-reported age, sex, race and ethnicity, census region, metropolitan status, and prior discussion with a clinician about mental health in the past 6 months. Main Outcomes and Measures: Self-reported use of AI chatbots for mental health advice, including any prior use, frequency of use, perceived helpfulness of responses, and disclosure of use to others. Respondents were also asked whether they had spoken with a physician about their mental health in the prior 6 months. Using multivariable logistic regression analysis, variation in responses was assessed according to respondents' demographic and geographic characteristics. Results: Among a US population-weighted 42 825 655 youth (unweighted, 1009 youth; median [IQR] age, 17 [15-18] years; population-weighted 21 410 663 male [50.0%]), 19.2% of adolescents and young adults (population-weighted n = 8 207 180) in 2025 reported having used AI chatbots for mental health advice. Among those who sought advice from AI chatbots, 42.8% did so at least monthly, and 91.7% rated the advice as somewhat or very helpful. Most adolescents reported they had not disclosed AI chatbot use for mental health advice to anyone (63.3%). Use of an AI chatbot for mental health advice was more common among females compared with males (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.10; 95% CI, 1.36-3.23), respondents aged 18 to 21 years compared with respondents aged 12 to 14 years (aOR, 3.65; 95% CI, 1.98-6.74), and those who had spoken with a physician about their mental health in the prior 6 months compared with those who had not (aOR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.18-3.03). Conclusions and Relevance: In this nationally representative survey study of US adolescents and young adults, a fifth reported using AI chatbots for mental health advice. AI chatbots are already embedded in many youths' mental health information ecosystem, underscoring the need for parents and clinicians to proactively discuss chatbot use to promote safety, appropriate expectations, and linkages to evidence-based care.

Indexed as

DisclosureMental DisordersMental HealthAdolescentChildCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMental Health TeletherapyUnited StatesYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID42223976
PMCPMC13227335

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.