Evidence mapPaperPMID 42224285Full record

ReviewJMIR diabetes2026

Obstacles and Enablers Related to Gestational Diabetes Self-Management: Systematic Review Using the Socio-Eecological Model.

Bronya H K Luk, Polly H X Ma, Rosenna Wai Ming Chung, Wendy W Zhang, William Wing-Kuen Lam

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in JMIR diabetes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Bronya H K LukSchool of Nursing and Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Homantin, Hong Kong, 00852, China (Hong Kong), 852 3970 2975, 852 24062375.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-7621
Polly H X MaSchool of Nursing and Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Homantin, Hong Kong, 00852, China (Hong Kong), 852 3970 2975, 852 24062375.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2906-9936
Rosenna Wai Ming ChungSchool of Nursing and Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Homantin, Hong Kong, 00852, China (Hong Kong), 852 3970 2975, 852 24062375.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2148-5655
Wendy W ZhangSchool of Nursing and Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Homantin, Hong Kong, 00852, China (Hong Kong), 852 3970 2975, 852 24062375.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8166-2879
William Wing-Kuen LamSchool of Nursing and Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Homantin, Hong Kong, 00852, China (Hong Kong), 852 3970 2975, 852 24062375.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5827-3982

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) requires effective self-management to mitigate associated health risks. A comprehensive understanding of the multilevel factors influencing adherence is essential to designing effective, holistic support strategies. Objective: This systematic review aimed to synthesize the obstacles and enablers related to GDM self-management across all 5 levels of the socioecological model (SEM). Methods: A systematic search was conducted across 6 databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) for literature published from January 2010 to October 2025. Thirty studies (24 qualitative, 4 quantitative, and 2 mixed methods) were included. Data on obstacles and enablers were extracted and synthesized using the SEM as an analytical framework. Results: The analysis identified 11 key factors across the intrapersonal (eg, knowledge and emotional response), interpersonal (eg, functional support network), organizational (eg, health care access and workplace demands), community (eg, food environment and digital information landscape), and policy levels (eg, funding and economic support). The synthesis reveals how these factors interact across levels, creating systemic challenges such as fragmentation of support and information inequity. Conclusions: Successful GDM self-management support requires integrated, multilevel strategies that address factors ranging from the individual level to the policy level. This review provides an evidence-based SEM framework to inform the development of comprehensive support interventions, including those leveraging digital health platforms, to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Indexed as

digital healthenablersGDMgestational diabetes mellitusobstaclesself-managementsocioecological model

Identifiers

PMID42224285
PMCPMC13225225

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.