ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2026
Multidimensional biomechanical modulation of walking reveals a threshold decline in distal ankle propulsion across aging.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeThis study quantified biomechanical modulation of walking using a multidimensional framework and examined its association with aging, with emphasis on distal ankle propulsion.
methodsAn open-access three-dimensional gait dataset of 240 healthy adults (18-91 years) was analyzed. Biomechanical modulation variables were defined as within-subject changes from comfortable to fast walking across spatiotemporal, kinetic, and joint-level measures. Principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized as an exploratory technique to derive composite modulation indices from a priori selected variables. Age associations were examined using linear regression and general linear models.
resultsThree modulation components explained 81.2% of total variance, representing global speed modulation, shock absorption, and distal ankle propulsion. Distal ankle propulsive modulation showed a significant, weak-to-moderate negative association with age (β = -0.31, R² = 0.10, p < 0.001) and a significant age-group effect (F(5,228) = 6.79, p < 0.001, partial η² = 0.13). Participants aged ≥ 70 years exhibited substantially lower distal propulsive modulation than younger groups (Δ = 1.06, 95% CI 0.84-1.28). Other modulation components showed weak or no age associations.
conclusionBiomechanical modulation of walking is multidimensional and selectively affected by aging, with a pronounced threshold-like decline in distal ankle propulsion in later adulthood. Modulation-based assessment provides mechanistic insight beyond steady-state gait measures.
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