ReviewImmunology2026
Immunological Reprogramming by Radiation Therapy: Implications for Precision Cancer Treatment.
Review in Immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is a main part of cancer treatment and is known mostly for its ability to directly kill cancer cells. However, recent studies have shown that RT can have potent immunomodulatory properties, which include both the ability to re-program the tumour microenvironment (TME) and the activation of systemic anti-tumour immune responses. It reviews the immune mechanisms involved in the killing of tumours after irradiation, such as immunogenic cell death (ICD), activation of the cGAS-STING (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes) pathway, dendritic cell (DC) maturation, priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and the abscopal effect, which refers to the regression of non-irradiated tumours following local irradiation. We also discuss how RT induces immunosuppressive counterforces such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) upregulation. The synergy between RT and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1), anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1), and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA-4) agents is critically assessed. We also discuss possible clinically relevant enhancement of side effects of immunotherapies by RT. The induction of neo-antigens and immune activation by chemotherapy (ChX) versus RT is compared/contrasted. Particular focus is paid to dose fractionation approaches, such as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and their differential immunogenic effects. The different tumour types that are most susceptible to radiotherapy-induced immunologic responses are covered in great detail, particularly malignant melanoma. The field is contextualised with relevant clinical trials, emerging patents, and translational case studies. In this review, we seek to give an integrative framework for how radiation-induced immune reprogramming can be harnessed in the design of next-generation precision oncology strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.