ArticleJournal of periodontology2026
Salivary NLRP3 inflammasome as a promising biomarker for palatal mucosa healing in diabetes mellitus: A pilot study.
Article in Journal of periodontology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a protein complex that regulates IL-1β activation. Despite its known role in dermal healing, its involvement in oral mucosal healing remains poorly understood.
methodsTwenty-four subjects, including 12 with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 12 normoglycemic controls (C), underwent a surgical procedure for mucogingival defect treatment in which a graft was harvested from the palate. The palatal wound was assessed for remaining wound area (RWA) and epithelialization (EPT) until 3 months. Wound exudate was collected on days 3 and 7 post-operatively to analyze inflammatory biomarkers, proteinases, and growth factors. NLRP3, PYCARD, CASPASE-1, and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) salivary levels were assessed preoperatively and 7 days post-surgery.
resultsLower EPT rates and greater RWA were observed in T2DM compared to Control on days 7 and 14 postoperatively. Higher MMP-9 concentration was detected in T2DM subjects on days 3 and 7 post-surgery (p < 0.05). Salivary NLRP3 and PYCARD increased in the C group at 7 days post-surgery (p ≤ 0.04), whereas IL-1β was higher over time in the T2DM group (p = 0.003). At baseline, NLRP3 and PYCARD levels were higher in T2DM (p ≤ 0.005), whereas PYCARD (p = 0.01) and CASPASE-1 (p = 0.05) remained elevated at 7 days compared with C. A positive association between salivary NLRP3 levels with IL-1β (r = 0.46) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (r = 0.47) from wound exudate on day 7 was observed. PYCARD levels associated with IL-1β (r = 0.48) and TNF-α (r = 0.50) at the same time point. Principal component analysis of inflammasome-related markers and wound biomarkers on day 7 suggested a potential impact on delayed wound closure by day 14.
conclusionThe NLRP3 inflammasome may be a promising biomarker for T2DM-related acute palatal healing due to its early upregulation and association with proinflammatory markers, with a potential impact on delayed wound closure.
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