Evidence mapPaperPMID 42233704Full record

ArticleDiabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association2026

Treatment burden and health-related quality of life in young adults with type 1 diabetes.

Anka Van Gastel, Matthijs Graner-Baars, Anne M Stiggelbout, Viet-Thi Tran, Erik J Giltay, Sean F Dinneen, Jessica Mesman, Joris Swaak, Henk-Jan Aanstoot, Victor M Montori and 2 more

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Article in Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Anka Van GastelHealth Campus The Hague, Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5020-6326
Matthijs Graner-BaarsThe ééndiabetes Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Anne M StiggelboutBiomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Viet-Thi TranGeneral Medicine, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.
Erik J GiltayHealth Campus The Hague, Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Sean F DinneenGalway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6636-0493
Jessica MesmanDepartment of Society Studies, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Joris SwaakPanton Medical Design Agency, Deventer, The Netherlands.
Henk-Jan AanstootDiabeter: Center for Pediatric and Adult Diabetes Care and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Victor M MontoriKnowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Eelco J P De KoningCure One-T1D Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1232-7022
Marleen KunnemanHealth Campus The Hague, Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5334-1085

Funding

Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation #2021.81.023
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimThis study aims to assess the treatment burden and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

methodsOnline survey on experienced treatment burden (Treatment Burden Questionnaire, TBQ, 0-150, higher scores indicate higher burden) and HRQoL (Type 1 Diabetes and Life questionnaire for ages 18-25 and 26-45, T1DAL, 0-100, higher scores indicate better HRQoL) among Dutch young adults with T1D (aged 18-30).

resultsIn total, 294 young adults with T1D completed the survey. Mean TBQ score was 59.5 (SD = 24.9). Regular medical care reminding participants of their health problems scored highest. Mean T1DAL scores were 55.9 (SD = 12.9) for ages 18-25, and 62.1 (SD = 13.2) for ages 26-30. Lowest scores were in the subcategory 'Emotional experiences and daily activities' (18-25: median = 41.7, IQR = 24.9; 26-30: median = 47.8, IQR = 22.5). TBQ was strongly negatively correlated with T1DAL (r = -0.69, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.62], p < 0.001). Characteristics associated with higher treatment burden and lower HRQoL included female gender, lower time in range and dissatisfaction with diabetes management approach.

conclusionYoung adults with T1D report considerable treatment burden and moderate HRQoL, suggesting a high impact of diabetes care on their lives. Treatment burden is particularly affected by regular medical care activities, whereas diabetes affects the daily functioning and emotional experiences domains of HRQoL. Further research is needed to understand how young adults make care fit and to improve care for these patients, resulting in minimally disruptive care plans. While cautiously interpreted, this may be especially relevant for women and those with adverse clinical outcomes.

Indexed as

Cost of IllnessDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Quality of LifeActivities of Daily LivingAdolescentAdultFemaleHumansMaleNetherlandsSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung Adultdiabetes mellitusmaking care fitquality of lifetreatment burdentype 1young adult

Identifiers

PMID42233704
PMCPMC13380336

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.