ArticleFish physiology and biochemistry2026
Mechanistic approach on the protective role of rutin against ammonia-induced hepatic encephalopathy in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) focusing on Cox-2/NF-κB pathway.
Article in Fish physiology and biochemistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Ammonia (Amm) is the largest nitrogenous waste product of fish, causing damage to vital organs, leading to respiratory difficulties and inhibited growth and reproductive performance of fish. This study explored the protective mechanism of rutin (RUT), a natural antioxidant of plant origin, against oxido-inflammatory stress of ammonia in Nile tilapia. A total of 60 monosex Nile tilapia were randomly distributed into four experimental groups: control, RUT (1 g/kg in feed), Amm (50 mg/L), and Amm + RUT. Daily exposure to Amm for 4 weeks significantly disrupted the hematological profile (↓ RBCs count and Hb by 50%, ↑ WBCs by 46%), increased MDA (+ 42%) and NO (+ 18%) levels, and suppressed the total antioxidant capacity by 42% compared to the control group. It also led to elevating the liver enzyme activity (ALT ↑ 50%, AST ↑ 35% compared to the control group), accompanied by marked histopathological changes in gills, liver, and brain. There was strong HSP70, Cox-2, and GFAP immunostaining alongside upregulation of the transcript levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β genes. The co-treatment of RUT with Amm alleviated all the aforementioned toxicological parameters, restoring RBCs (3.3 ± 0.07 × 10
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