ArticleProbiotics and antimicrobial proteins2026
Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of the Probiotic Potential and Safety of Bacillus velezensis CH3-2 Isolated from Chahua Chicken.
Article in Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Bacillus velezensis has emerged as a promising probiotic alternative to antibiotics in the livestock industry. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the probiotic potential and safety of B. velezensis CH3-2, a strain isolated from the feces of Chahua chicken, using a combined phenotypic and genomic strategy. Whole-genome sequencing yielded a 3.91 Mb circular chromosome with no plasmids. Strain CH3-2 exhibited high tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal fluids, after sequential exposure to simulated gastric fluid (4 h) and intestinal fluid (4 h), the viable cell count remained at 6.69 log CFU/mL. These phenotypes were corroborated by the genomic identification of acid tolerance genes (e.g., atpA-atpH) and bile salt efflux transporter genes (e.g., dppB1-E). The strain demonstrated high cell surface hydrophobicity (> 79%) and time-dependent auto-aggregation (77.68% at 20 h), indicating strong adhesion potential supported by genes encoding moonlighting proteins and lipoteichoic acid synthase. Furthermore, CH3-2 displayed significant broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli K88, Shigella sonnei CMCC51592, and Listeria monocytogenes BNCC33687. Genome mining revealed 13 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters, such as those for macrolactin H and fengycin, providing a molecular basis for its antagonism. Additionally, the strain produced exopolysaccharides (0.70 mg/mL at 30 h) and exhibited strong extracellular antioxidant activity. Safety assessments confirmed that CH3-2 is non-hemolytic, does not produce biogenic amines, and lacks virulence genes. Six intrinsic, chromosomally encoded antibiotic resistance genes were identified, posing no risk of horizontal transfer. Acute oral toxicity tests in mice further indicated its preliminary in vivo safety, with no adverse effects on growth or histopathology. Collectively, these findings confirm that B. velezensis CH3-2 is a safe and robust candidate for development as a functional probiotic.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42234394What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.